On this Flashback Friday episode, Jason Hartman interviews Michael Kitces, financial planner and publisher of a continuing education blog for financial planners, Nerd’s Eye View. Michael shares his thoughts on politics and how it affects people in their financial planning. They also discuss Obamacare, inflation and deflation, and the general economic outlook.
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Welcome to creating wealth with Jason Hartman. During this program, Jason is going to tell you some really exciting things that you probably haven’t thought of before and a new slant on investing fresh new approaches to America’s best investment that will enable you to create more wealth and happiness than you ever thought possible. Jason is a genuine self made multi millionaire who not only talks the talk, but walks the walk. He’s been a successful investor for 20 years and currently owns properties in 11 states and 17 cities, this program will help you follow in Jason’s footsteps on the road to financial freedom, you really can do it. And now here’s your host, Jason Hartman with the complete solution for real estate investors.
Jason Hartman 0:53
Welcome to the creating wealth show. This is Jason Hartman, your host, and this is episode number 335. Thanks so much for joining me today. I’m going to make this intro short. I promised our producer I would, because we have a good lengthy discussion with our guests. Well, not too lengthy, but he keeps bugging me to make shorter intros. So I’m just going to do that anyway. Well, we’ll see if I can pull it off. Anyway, here we go. First of all, I just returned from Kansas City. And we have I think, sold out the development already. That took like, a whole week to sell out the development of triplexes there. But I agreed, although we didn’t throw in the money yet. I agreed to actually finance another development there myself with our developer. And so we will have some more stuff coming online in Kansas City. So more to follow on that.
But one of the things that was really the most interesting, I’ve been to Kansas City so many times, I sometimes feel like it’s my second home. But our developer there hired a very astute and bright CFO for his company. And we went out to dinner together. And I have been getting a couple of inquiries from clients. And I think I mentioned this on the last show who have been interested in investing in funds. And I was talking with one of our providers who is marketing a fund and they’re they’re saying, hey, invest with us. And you know, we’ll we’ll do all the management, all the usual stuff. And you know, how I feel about pooled money investments. commandment number three, gosh, I beat that to a pulp, that poor thing. But I think I found something out. That’s pretty interesting. One of the things they told me is that they formed their entity to do this fund in Delaware. And you know, I know a little bit about this stuff. And of course, I’m not a lawyer. I’m not a tax advisor. But I was wondering why the heck do they use Delaware? And so I did a little research on this. And then I also talked to the CFO that I just mentioned, it was hired on for our developer who develops in Kansas City and St. Robert. And guess what I learned? It’s pretty interesting. Well, here it is, from what I understand. Well, just let me back up a little bit and say what I understood in the past, is that Delaware? Yeah, that’s where all the big corporations incorporate the publicly traded companies. I’m not sure this is correct, but I’ll bet you Microsoft is incorporated in Delaware, although they’re obviously based in Seattle area, right? A lot of these large companies incorporate in Delaware, for many reasons, because it has very favorable laws. And it has a court system that is very pro business. So you know, just like I say to you, when you’re a landlord, you want to invest in landlord friendly places. No one would be grudge you for that. That’s just being a smart business person, but Delaware, I’m thinking why Delaware? Why would they be incorporating or forming this entity? It may be an LLC, I’m not sure which I think it’s an LLC actually Limited Liability Company. Why would they pick Delaware? Delaware doesn’t make sense for small things that only makes sense.
As I’ve been advised over the years for big corporations, big publicly traded companies. Well, after doing a little research talking to a few people, I think I’ve figured it out. Here it is, you’re ready in Delaware. From what I understand. You can by contract, get rid of your fiduciary liability or fiduciary, I shouldn’t say fiduciary liability, I guess I should say fiduciary responsibility. Now what does that mean? Well, from what I understand as a layperson, a non lawyer a fiduciary obligation is the highest level of obligation you can have to someone and what that means is that you need to represent them with the utmost care and responsibility and you need to either not have any conflict of interest. Or if you do you need to disclose that conflict of interest. Well in Delaware little magic there. From what I understand, you can write in your subscription agreement or your contract with the investor, that you don’t have any fiduciary responsibility to them. And from what I understand it is the only state where you can do this ha, thus may be the reason they have formed their entity for this fund in Delaware, because you don’t have any responsibility to your investors. So here’s an example of how that might play out in real life, we’ll say you invest in this fund. And this fund is out there to buy apartment buildings, or hotels or whatever kind of business or real estate deal or whatever it is, right. And say, for example, they take all your money, and they put it in this fund, and they start buying properties all sounds good so far, but what happens when they buy a property near your property, and that’s in another fund, and you’re not an investor in that fund, and then they’re advertising for tenants, or they’re looking to sell the property, and they’re looking for buyers, and one fund conflicts with the next fund, and then you’ve got a potential conflict of interest, right.
And if they’re not a fiduciary there, they don’t have a fiduciary responsibility to you as the investor. Well, they can do whatever the heck they want, as long as it’s legal, no fiduciary obligation. And this is what, from my understanding the hedge funds generally do, they form a an LLC in Delaware, and it’s the first fund. And then they form a management company, also in Delaware that manages the funds. So they’ve got multiple layers of protection for themselves legally here. And they might form some other entity that’s an advisor to the fund. You see how convoluted this gets, it basically means at the end of the day, as the investor, you have no recourse or REITs in any real way that you can hold these people accountable for their actions. And then they get this first hedge fund subscribed, and then they form another entity for a couple hundred bucks, it costs almost nothing to do this. And then that entity may have the same investment advisor, which is another entity, and then it has the same investment manager, which is all another entity and then somewhere back there behind all these entities is an actual human being and good luck holding them accountable for any of their dirty deeds, right? So this may be the answer.
And again, you invest in a fund a pooled money investment, and you have those three major problems I talked about in commandment number three, you might be investing with a crook, you might be investing with an idiot, assume they’re honest, assume they’re competent, they take a big fat management fee off the top before the money goes to you as the investor and then they’ll say things like this, well, we offer a preferred return. Well, that’s a preferred return to you as the investor after all the expenses. So you know, my feelings on this whole thing. Okay. Enough said. But I tell you, everybody keeps asking me why don’t I open a fund? Yeah, I’m getting a little more interested, as I see all the money these guys are making. Maybe I’ll go against my own advice someday and open a fund. Who knows, we shall see. Don’t call me hypocrite if I do. I’ve explained all the reasons you shouldn’t invest in them. So there you go.
All right, our Austin trip is coming up just about a month away exactly a month away from today. Actually, Brittany decided she wanted to market a little contest for that and give away just one set of tickets there. That basically means two tickets are we’re giving away and you can enter for this. It’s real easy, takes like 20 seconds at Jason hartman.com slash contest. If you already bought a ticket and you win the contest, we’ll give your money back. And you still have to pay for your accommodations and your travel expenses, of course, but you could get a free ticket to the tour. So go to Jason hartman.com slash contest, and just opt into that it’ll take you about 20 seconds to do that. And if not, get a ticket, buy a ticket for it, you get the creating wealth home study course for free included. And it’s $297. And if you become a member, you get 20% off. So I recommend you do that first at Jason hartman.com. And the last thing I wanted to talk about because we recently talked about our newest market, which is little rock and I wanted to just talk to you real quickly about a property in Little Rock because Wow, this was pretty awesome little deal here. I was rather impressed. Since this is a new market for us. We’ve only got three properties on our website at Jason Hartman calm but here is one of them a totally nice looking little house built in 1990 and it is $109,000 subject qualifying your total cash invested is around $27,000 and your projected rent is 1200 a month and your projected cash flow.
Listen to this folks. This is really good. $318 per month, remember, your taxes are very low. And that’s your property taxes, the cash on cash return projection here is 14% annually and get this, I hope you’re sitting down. Again, these are all just on the performer here. But you know, we’ve got good experience with this vendor. It may be a newer market for us, although I did business there several years ago, and in the outlying areas of Little Rock as well. But this is not a new provider here. This is only new properties in this market. Okay, so we’ve got good experience with this provider, very reliable, good, good business people good provider we’ve been working with for a while the overall return on investment here is projected at 44%. So what is the common thing? I say? Well, what if you only do half as well as that? 22% annually? That ain’t bad. What is it about 40 400% better than you’ll get in the bank. It’s pretty darn good. So check that out. Jason hartman.com. Slash properties. You can look at our brand new properties available in Little Rock. This property has granite countertops, in the kitchen and bathroom, ceramic tile, nice faucets, hardwood floors, nice deck. What what and it’s just a great looking property with a nice bay window. I’m looking at the picture of it, it now looks very, very nice. Not that looks should matter that much. Because we are investors and we invest based on the numbers and the Performa and the analytical aspects of the deal. Not the not the looks of the property. So anyway, let’s go to our guest, you’ll really like the nerds eye view that our guest is going to give you the economy of government policy. We’ll talk about gridlock a bunch of other things. And we will be back with this cast in just about 60 seconds.
Announcer 11:54
Jason provides an extremely unique service deal evaluator, are you interested in a property outside of our network? Need a second opinion? No problem, let our experts evaluate the deal. Find out more about it at Jason hartman.com.
Jason Hartman 12:13
It’s my pleasure to welcome Michael kitsis. To the show. He is an expert on some interesting financial planning topics. And he is a partner and director of research for Pinnacle Advisory Group, a private wealth management firm located in Columbia, Maryland, and oversees approximately $1 billion in client assets, and is also publisher of a nerds Eye View blog. I love that, by the way, and I’ll let him tell you a little more about that. Michael, welcome. How are you doing?
Michael Kitces 12:40
Doing well. doing well. Great to be here, Jason.
Jason Hartman 12:42
Good. So tell us about the nerds Eye View blog.
Michael Kitces 12:45
And so the the nerds eye view, obviously, as you might have gathered, I’m the nerd. So nerds eye view is really a place where we try to look at some of the financial planning trends, industry developments, as well as just opportunities that are out there. I tend to write and blog targeted more for a financial advisor audience than necessarily sort of the endpoint client that we all work with, but actually have a very much a readership from both ends of those folks, there may be a little bit more hands on to their finances that kind of want to get a glimpse into what’s the advanced stuff that the planners are talking about, as as well as an advisor base itself that that comes to the site regularly and reads for latest news and developments and financial planning.
Jason Hartman 13:26
Sure. Well, one of the things you mentioned to me, Michael, before we started recording is that you try to be a political, but of course, the political world is pretty busy nowadays, and has been for for several years, which may make that impossible. There’s a lot of stuff on the table. You know, one of my big criticisms of the Obama administration is that they leave so much uncertainty, people don’t know, executives don’t know when they’re trying to make business plans, where things are going. And that uncertainty I think creates a lot of economic hazard in that if if people don’t feel confident that what the rules are, then they don’t know what to do. Right.
Michael Kitces 14:05
Absolutely. We we see it as a huge ongoing challenge with clients, obviously, depending on your political bent. You know, it’s it’s either a failure of the administration to lead or a failure of the republicans to come to the table negotiate with the with the president, but whichever direction you’re on, I mean, we see it pretty universally, certainly with our clients and in the financial planning space. It’s incredibly difficult to to plan to do long term planning when you don’t know what the environments going to be. And in some cases, the the time horizon sort of gets shocking about how compressed things are when we literally pass the, you know, the final version of what became the American Taxpayer Relief Act within several hours of midnight on December 31. Yeah, I mean, we were going through planning issues with clients straight through the end of the year of trying to decide well, what what decisions you want to make with your portfolio or about your income or your deductions or other plans. Mining strategies that we could do that were drastically swayed depending on which way the rules came out. And we didn’t even know what the rules were going to be until all businesses were closed. So it’s, it’s, it’s certainly a challenging environment, although I think we’re, as we viewed, we’re actually now into a little bit more of a period with some permanence and stability given the legislation that got passed on. What ultimately was January 2, when it got signed into law, the law as it was passed was permanent law. Now, permanent in the words of Congress only means permanent till they write a new law to make it something else. But in particularly in the tax context, when we look at what’s actually gotten done, over the past decade that we’ve been talking about tax reform, there are basically only two major pieces of legislation that actually got done. The first time we passed fiscal cliff legislation. And the second time we passed fiscal cliff legislation, ie unless we have some multi trillion dollar consequence of not doing something, nothing seems to really get done in Washington. And so now that our default is the laws are what they are, unless we write something new to change them. It’s not clear to us whether there’s actually going to be a lot of change. And we actually think this may be more of a stability period for the next few years. Well, we’ll Tinker at the edges because we don’t we never stop tinkering with the tax system to some extent. But we actually think this may be the environment we’re in for several years to come now. And that it’s it’s actually a little bit easier to plan with the set of rules that we’ve got.
Jason Hartman 16:25
Is that because we’re deadlocked?
Michael Kitces 16:27
Yeah, I mean, in essence, that’s a that’s a discussion of deadlock that, you know, notwithstanding both sides, saying they’ve gotten certain views about what they think should be done and how to resolve this, when we when we actually drill down and look at what what finally gets passed, when the time comes. It’s pretty much unless there’s a multitrillion dollar consequence, it doesn’t actually get done. And the permanence of the legislation that we did the beginning of the year, took took all of those fiscal cliffs away, you know, the last mini version was the sequester, and it wasn’t big enough to bring them to the table. We actually did go off of that, that little cliff. So it’s, you know, it’s just a discussion of gridlock. And and, you know, obviously, the old saying, particularly since I’m local here to the DC area is, you know, it’s great when Congress has gridlock, because they can’t hurt anything. And
Jason Hartman 17:15
There’s a lot of people that agree with that. But the gridlock is like the best we can hope for, because many people think and you know, there is some real, some real rationale to it, that almost everything the government does, is in essence, bad. So if they if they can’t do much or anything, but at least it won’t get any worse.
Michael Kitces 17:35
Yeah, I mean, certainly when we when we look at kind of the history, particularly on the tax code, and we actually have a remarkably consistent kind of generational cycle where we, we do these sweeping tax reforms about once every 25 to 30 years, make the tax code a whole lot simpler, strip out a whole bunch of the junk. And then spacely, spend the next 25 to 30 years mucking it up again, so that we can be do for the next tax reform legislation. So we did a version of this, when we made the tax code in 1913, we did a version of this in the 30s. We did a version in 1959 27 years later, we did a version of it 1986, which had certainly impacted a lot of people. And now we’re exactly 27 years, hence, in 2013 here, and I mean to me, you can feel it in the air, like we’re all very much feeling like it’s time to do another simplification reform of the tax code and get it back to something that’s a little bit more manageable, if only so we can spend another 25 to 30 years mucking it up again. But but it’s just it’s just not really clear that it’s all that likely to happen over the next two to three years. You know, we’re viewing this as something that’s if it’s going to happen, it’s probably going to happen after the next presidential election. And that’s not particularly a comment about President Obama, but just the balance between where Congress’s and where the White House is, and that it’s not likely to shift enough to materially change the dynamics in 2014, and the midterm elections, and that we’re probably looking until 2016, before one party or another depending on who knows what happens over the next three years, takes enough of a lead that they can actually sort of push through some version of tax reform or another
Jason Hartman 19:16
Well, talk to us a bit about how this affects people in their lives of personal financial planning, if you would, what does it mean when you you know, it trickles down, if you will?
Michael Kitces 19:26
Well, so what the kind of environment that we’re in right now is what we call and certainly would you label from the tax policy terms a fairly progressive tax environment, which means higher tax rates and higher income individuals lower tax rates on lower income individuals. So your your classic strategy in those environments is, in essence, one of income smoothing. So we want to do what we can to spread the income out because if we bunched too much of it up into the same year, we end up in higher tax brackets, we end on higher tax brackets, we pay a larger dollar amount of total wealth. So we The goal is to see Move out the income so that we can stay in lower brackets year after year and not be plowed all the way into the upper ones. To me one of the biggest changes that happened particularly around investing whether that’s portfolio or real estate is the change that we got this year to create for capital gains tax brackets. So we now have three base brackets, you’re in zero percent capital gains at the lowest income levels. 15% capital gains if you’re in the middle income levels, and 20% capital gains if you’re in the top ordinary income brackets. On top of that, we have a new 3.8% Medicare surtax that applies to all portfolio income, including interest dividends, any long term capital gain that shows on your tax return, any net rental income, any passive income. And so we really end out with basically for capital gains brackets, a zero percent rate, a 15%, rate of 15, plus the three which is 18.8, and a top rate of 23.8. Because anybody who’s in the 20% bracket has to be subject to the Medicare surtax as well. So that that puts into this strange environment where you do a really good job pushing your capital gains out over and over and over again indefinitely as far as you possibly can. When you ever finally actually liquidate your investments, you end up blasting yourself up into very high tax brackets, you actually end up with less wealth by pushing all the games down the road. So it’s it’s taken us to some very kind of strange and unique planning environments in the portfolio context, we do see, we see people doing things like not the old traditional strategy of harvesting capital losses where you sell an investment, so you can claim the loss and get the deduction, you have to go through the wash sale rules where you own something else for 30 days. But it’s a very popular strategy. Now we see people at the other end the extreme, their goal is not to harvest the losses, it’s actually to harvest the gains, we deliberately sell the thing, we recognize the capital gain, we buy it back immediately, because we still want to be invested in it. But by reporting the game this year, we can take a little bit of gain this year, and then a little bit next year, and then the little bit the following year, and keep us with so much gain three years out from now that we end out plowing ourselves into the top tax brackets.
Jason Hartman 22:02
So so your your world is in the world of stocks and bonds, I assume Wall Street type investments. So you’re saying that people are wanting to take gains now or at least this year? Right?
Michael Kitces 22:17
Yep. And we’ve seen it for the past few years. And we see it over the next few years. And it plays out in similar ways in, in real estate transactions as well. So we’ve seen people doing things like deliberately not doing 1031 exchanges, we even watched a client’s that actually deliberately busted a 1031 exchange, he had a foreign exchange that was underway through the end of last year. And he blew it up this year. Cuz he actually wanted to make sure the game got recognized last year, after all, because he was looking at his rates were going to be higher this year, given some other stuff that was going on in this balance.
Jason Hartman 22:50
Right. But we that’s interesting that you say that because with the 1031, tax deferred exchange, and what Michael is referring to, of course, most of our listeners know, but for the benefit of those who don’t, with income property, you can trade it all your life and just defer the gains indefinitely. And there’s no limit to the number of 1031 tax deferred exchanges you can do. But I guess this guy wanted to be out of the market, which right now seems crazy to me that you’d want to be out of the market. But there may be personal individual reasons that we don’t know about for the purposes of this conversation.
Michael Kitces 23:22
Sure. True enough, you know, if you’re going to end out holding things ultimately until you pass away, get your step up and basis, by all means, you know, we we we push the game out and definitely and just keep going and going. But this actually was a scenario where he was trying to rejigger a little bit, he was kind of feeling like he was a little bit too concentrated in real estate and B really didn’t like where he was in particular. So the property was unequivocally getting sold and was just a matter of whether it was going to get reinvested in a more real estate or reinvested elsewhere. And he ultimately decided he wanted to take some of it off the table. But it’s it’s an interesting environment. We’ve also seen scenarios, although these, frankly, were done previously, but become a little bit more appealing. Now. Other folks that are exiting real estate, we see them doing things like trying to make sure that they specifically do installment sales that stretch the gains out because they want to again, smooth them out keep from getting too much lumped into a single year, where it knocks them over into the top tax brackets.
Jason Hartman 24:16
It’s just a weird environment, Michael to think that anyone would want to pay tax sooner rather than later. You know, we always whenever whenever we enter into this decision making we all think of the time value of money, of course, and we think of inflation and it’s better to pay later then then pay today but I guess investors, many of them think that the the capital gains tax will be so much higher in the future than it actually makes it worthwhile paying sooner? Is that
Michael Kitces 24:43
Yeah. Well, I mean, just with the tearing that we’ve got, you know, if I’ve, if I’ve got some property with we’ll call it a relatively modest hundred thousand dollar gain. If I’m facing 15,000 if I’m facing a 15% rate, I’m going to owe $15,000 of taxes on it this year if I’m facing a 23 point down the road, because I get lumped too much income up, I’m facing 23.8 down the road, when we start doing our time value of money calculations, that that’s essentially almost a 70% increase in your relative tax rate, you got to keep your $15,000 invested, and pick up almost 70% to actually make back the taxes that you’re going to owe by chewing through this. So that that’s this, you know, enormous burden. I mean, if I can really defer my gains out and compound it out and get, you know, 10 1520 years worth of growth, then maybe I can be the 70% threshold. But it’s it’s just this extraordinary threshold that we have to beat with some of these time value of money calculations, because of the way the rates ramp up. And we just didn’t have to deal with it. For decades, we haven’t had to deal with that. Until this year, up until last year, we basically only ever had two capital gains rates, a lower bracket for the people in the bottom one or two tax brackets, and one flat rate for everybody else, whether your gains were 10 Grand 100 grand, a million or 10 million. And that’s different. Now. Now we’re suddenly in this environment where you’ve got one capital gains rate for the bottom brackets, then and then another one for the middle one, then another for the upper middle one, and then another one for people in the top bracket. And it really starts to incentivize some of these timing decisions about exactly when are you going to recognize again, obviously, if you’re going to hold it forever, until death kind of comes off the table. But for anybody else that’s looking at these transactions to get realized, at some point, it really takes us to a very strange, different new world where suddenly the best economic decision you might be able to make is actually to voluntarily recognize your tax bill and pay your taxes. Because even with time value of money, it’s actually still cheaper than pushing them out to the future.
Jason Hartman 26:40
Yeah. Well, let’s talk a bit about Obamacare and how that’s impacting investors. Yeah. Which, by the way, before we actually sorry, before we leave that other subject, maybe just address for a quick moment, if you have any thoughts on how this issue we just discussed, of people taking gains now and selling is affecting the markets, because there’s definitely economic impact into the markets now. We’ve seen markets generally increasing as of late, but you print $5 trillion up out of thin air. And I mean, of course, that’s going to happen. But, you know, what, what are your thoughts about that? Would? Would they be even higher if investors weren’t doing sell offs because of tax considerations? Or, or how much of the market really is that I mean, no one really knows what each investor is thinking. So it’s impossible to quantify.
Michael Kitces 27:29
It’s hard to estimate but but actually, it looks like the impact is, is really not that much. And and the reason sort of is twofold. One, frankly, from this somewhat negative, cynical, and a huge amount of market movements these days is institutionally driven, and not retail investor driven. So the retail investors struggle to have enough market share to materially move the market on any on any particular day. The second thing, though, is a lot of this gains harvesting strategy, kind of like loss harvesting, it’s a little harder with the loss harvesting. But we don’t necessarily want to get out of the investment, we sell it and buy it back. So in the context of things like stocks and ETFs, that trade through the day, you might sell the investment and buy it back 30 seconds later, you don’t actually want to leave the investment necessarily, you just want to recognize the gain this year and get it at a favorable rate and step your cost basis up. So you have smaller gains, or more more favorable losses in the future. So as long as most people are doing these gains, harvesting strategies by truly harvesting them, meaning selling it and buying it back, you actually don’t get any net selling pressure on the markets, you just create these series of offsetting transactions for you that truly purely are for tax purposes and accelerate your tax bill. But in this sort of upward ramping tax rate environment, that can actually be a good deal. I mean, we see the same kind of behavior for people that, you know, save diligently and IRAs and then discover if you do too good of a job at that you finally hit age 70 and a half, and you have these absolutely enormous required minimum distributions that start coming out. And you realize it would have been a better deal to partially do Roth conversions or partially contribute to a Roth IRA or do something to smooth your tax bill out so you don’t have to back loaded into the top brackets. And it’s the same kind of thing flowing through now on the capital gains side and certainly not a general rule. A lot of folks, if your rates are higher now lower in the future, you keep harvesting your losses and keep pushing your gains out. But for a lot of people it the the reverse actually works now. And it was just never on the table before this year, except for very low income folks who were using zero percent rates.
Jason Hartman 29:28
So the nerds eye view of Obamacare. I mean, we’ve got January 1 2014, we’re really starting to see this thing kick in. And boy, I mean, for the past few years, the RPO for my company, well, one of my companies, you know, our professional employer organization, they have just been inundated with issues dealing with health insurance. I mean, it’s just a ginormous to use a made up word, problem. Support. Yeah, it sort of fits you know.
Michael Kitces 29:58
So two things, kind of on the Obamacare side one, the transition process from where we’ve been where we’re going to, is going to be messy, frankly, I’m very concerned and starting to really put some of these conversations out to the advisory community as well. I think we’re sort of administratively and collectively as a country, very, very far behind, and actually understanding all the new rules that are coming and how much our world is about to change. The estimates are as many as 20 to 25 million people are going to get added to the health insurance rolls later this year. That means someone needs to be administering the applications for 25 million people starting October 1, and there aren’t even staff hired and trained to do much of any of this stuff yet. And it’s a couple months out. So you know, on the one hand, kind of the warning is administratively, this is going to be a bumpy rollout. I don’t I don’t think there’s any, I don’t think there’s any way around that at this point. But from the longer term perspective, the implementation of the Affordable Care Act is a really, really big deal in how we handle health insurance. And the the driving fundamental change is for the first time ever, this is going to separate your decisions about health insurance from your decisions about employment, for the first time, you will not need to worry about where you work to be guaranteed access to health insurance at basically, Small Business Group rates, except the Small Business Group rate is everybody in the country in one giant
Jason Hartman 31:27
Right. And let me state for the record. That that is maybe one small part of it that I actually like, because I don’t know why health insurance was really ever tied to employment. That was just, I mean, I heard it came out of the depression, somehow, and employers were trying to get the best workers or something.
Michael Kitces 31:49
It kind of came out of the depression, it came out of some actually wage limit rules that we had in the place in the 50s, where employers are trying to figure out how do we give employees better benefits because they were actually limited in many industries on how much they could pay them. We kind of sanctioned it further in the 60s when we made the health insurance deductible for employers and excluded for employees. And bear in mind, that was an environment where the top tax rates were 70 to 90%. So people were really eager for tax preferenced employee benefits and and less on wages.
Jason Hartman 32:19
Right. was one thing that should be noted, though, and I know this is a little bit of a tangential issue, but feel free to comment on it. One thing that should be noted about those old high tax rates is back then you had a lot more loopholes and deductions. Well, I don’t know, nowadays, you have more code and more pages and more words, and more complexity and confusion, of course. But back then people were doing all sorts of things that made no economic sense. And you know, I think of all the windmills and limited partnership deals where people in the 70% tax bracket could get their taxes knocked way, way down. So so the effect of rain
Michael Kitces 32:56
Knocked all the way down to zero. That was the origin of the alternative minimum tax was kind of this backlash of people that were facing 70 plus percent tax rates in 1966, making hundreds of thousands of dollars and paying literally a tax rate of zero. So yeah, I mean, it was a very contorted system. And and frankly, part of this was part of the health insurance of arm was kind of an outgrowth of that. So, you know, as as businesses and individuals are trying to get savvy about what are ways that money can move around that doesn’t get slogged through this ultra high tax rate environment. You know, this was kind of the era of lavish employee benefits, very rich employee health insurance, retiree health insurance, country clubs, company cars, I mean, all the rules that we have restricting employee benefits are basically relics of when we shifted tons of money through employee benefits, because the tax rates were so high, nobody wanted to get it as a salary. So it’s a certainly we’ve shifted the tax environment as well. But we got stuck with this thing along the way that that really makes very little sense, regardless of what you think about the rest of the health insurance changes, which is that we we had this strange system where health insurer getting access to health insurance was contingent on working for an employer. And that that created it put it put small businesses at a huge disadvantage. You know, certainly we’ve seen the small business environment I’m sure you have as well, your employees that come to you and say well, are why I can work for you because my spouse gets health insurance to cover us at least so even if you don’t put it through your company, I can work for you and let and and obviously from the other end, I’m sure there are employees in town that we didn’t have access to in time periods where we couldn’t afford to give them health insurance because they couldn’t take our job if we didn’t provide health insurance.
Jason Hartman 34:35
Yeah, yeah. So so. So the one side of it is that small businesses that were formerly found it tougher to compete with big company insurance benefits, will now find that playing field more level, but on the other side of the equation, is if employee disloyalty and company disloyalty to employees we can argue which came first the chicken or the egg, all you want, but is if it wasn’t bad enough nowadays, this makes Cause a lot more job hopping, because there isn’t really a retention, a golden handcuffs, if you will, to get people to stay, you know, thinking that, oh, gosh, if I go out there on the job search again, well, I’m gonna have to deal with insurance issues, and it’s so complicated, and who knows where I’ll end up and what I’ll get, I need to stay here and keep my job because of my insurance. So
Michael Kitces 35:19
Yeah, I mean, from from both ends, you know, I, I think it’s been very sort of understated and looking at how this dynamic is going to shift. We view this as a significant increase in for people in job mobility. So their ability to change jobs and make job decisions not not sort of hindered or restricted by what’s going on with their health insurance environments. So for some businesses, that’s a nice attractor, for button, other businesses, that’s going to be a retention problem, because the health insurance was maybe a little handcuff, whether they realize it or not, we see it as a big opportunity around lots of financial planning issues. For individuals, though, it means you know, if you’re trying to, you know, if you’re trying to retire early, maybe because you’ve got enough passive income from your various investments, you no longer have to wait until Medicare at 65 or, or try to get some creative solution on how you get access to health insurance, you simply retire when you want to retire, you go to health insurance exchange, you buy health insurance, now it’s, there’s still going to be cost. And a lot of people aren’t used to that cost, because they’re used to having the cost of least afraid by the employer. So we’re still going to have to have some of an affordability discussion. But at least the access discussion is off the table. And we can sort of deal with the affordability discussion and work towards that over time. Likewise, you know, as we’re already starting the conversation with some of our clients, you simply simply sit down and say, if health insurance was not an issue, would you still be working where you are today doing the job that you were doing today? And we continue to be astounded by the number of people who answer Well, actually, no, I wouldn’t, I’d be doing something else. Maybe that means they go out and start a business, maybe that means they’ve got an entrepreneurial desire or itch to go do something, maybe that just means they find a different job, or a better job or a job that makes them happier, or a job that makes them more money, but no health insurance, but that’s fine, because they can get the health insurance elsewhere
Jason Hartman 37:06
Or, or a job in a different location.
Michael Kitces 37:09
Right, or, or finally making a geographic change that they want, which, you know, is a whole other discussion around, which which regions and locales may do well or poorly for real estate when you start associating insurance from large employers and you make employees more mobile, you know, particularly in sort of this increasingly wired digital remote worker world. I know a lot of folks making a really interesting case now that this is actually going to start feeding a movement away from some of the deaths, denser metropolitan areas and out to places that are lower cost of living.
Jason Hartman 37:41
Well, I think it’s definitely going to feed the movement that has been happening for many years now, you know, leaving places that are not just dense, as you mentioned, but places that are expensive and dense and have high burdens, big government burdens like California, and the northeastern states where you’re located. I mean, those places are going to become less desirable, in my opinion, as people can work anywhere. And if the health insurance isn’t tied to employment, people are going to look for generally speaking, warmer climes with less lower cost of living, less government intrusion, lower taxes. So I think that’s going to fare badly for the big the big government financially disturbed states like California.
Michael Kitces 38:25
So you know, if I was, uh, I guess for some of your listeners who may be, you know, in into real estate long plays, I think there’s certainly some interesting long play discussions out there of trying to figure out what, what kinds of less expensive, what kinds of less expensive cities out there, I think probably generally in the middle of the country, or the southern regions that tend to be a little cheaper, which which kind of, I’ll call them secondary cities out there right now, maybe very well poised for, for growth and pot and rising population density as as the country starts moving and migrating the we’re already seeing a little bit of that from just the the sort of the state tax arbitrage of migrant population migration from high tax states to low tax states, when you start telling people Oh, and you don’t need to live near your employer to work there. And you don’t need to work for any particular employer to have access to your health insurance. It really starts to free people and open them up to make some broader decisions about where do you want to live? Where do you want to work? What do you want to do that that really dissociates from geography?
Jason Hartman 39:25
Well, I agree with you. And I tell you something, that the thing I’ve always said to my listeners, when they’re considering investing in real estate, is that homeownership really is overplayed, in my opinion. I think that being a renter can many, many times be a much better deal for people. And I’m getting a lot of this from that, I think was a Time magazine article about three years ago that talked about how homeownership causes increased unemployment where they did this huge study showing that areas where they felt high home homeownership rates, they actually have lower employment in many cases. And what came out of that, for me is, is is kind of a saying I’m constantly repeating. And it is, the best thing you can have on a resume is mobility, you know, if you can move to where the jobs are, and that’s similarly goes if you have entrepreneurial aspirations, if you can live where you want and start a business, wherever you want, where are you going to go? Generally speaking, the south eastern part of the country is where the action is. You look at states like Texas, Georgia, that’s where people want to live. It’s low cost, it’s the weather’s pretty nice. You don’t have to be you can be in a City metropolitan area and live in a high rise if you want, or you can live in the suburbs. I mean, you know, there’s just a lot of attraction.
Michael Kitces 40:45
Yeah. And so we we’ve already seen that kind of emerging to some extent with this world of digital telecommuting and digital employment. And I think we’re going to be surprised to see how much perhaps it accelerates over the next couple of years, as we start dissociating health insurance decisions and the access to health insurance from from employment. So it’s, it’s, to me, that’s kind of that’s a very big deal from the planning and around. What do you want to do with your business in your career, as well as perhaps your investments and where you choose to live and whether you choose to buy to live there?
Jason Hartman 41:19
Yeah, I’m looking forward to those not being tied together. I think that is one of the good things that will actually come out of this. But But yeah, okay, so what else? I mean, you know, what are your thoughts on the general economic outlook? I mean, do you write about that?
Michael Kitces 41:30
Yeah, I do write about it. Some? And And certainly, that’s part of what our firm does. We manage portfolios for our clients on an ongoing basis. So we have to always be kind of apprised of it and negotiating this. You know, I think we’re kind of I don’t know, there any great revelations here. I think we’re a little bit mixed in tepid about the, about the economic environment, there’s no question that quantitative easing and the ultra low interest rates are driving some level of activity. And, and that that really just puts a lot of ambiguous questions in the air of so just how stable Is everything going to be when we finally unwind some of that? And and what’s it going to do to, you know, frankly, asset prices of a lot of different stuff. So we know, on the one end that, you know, certainly the money flowing through the system seems to be sorry, say stimulating some buying activity. But from the flip side, you know, it’s it’s also a little bit difficult, but certainly concerning to try to get a perspective on what happens when rates start to normalize. So you know, how many people would really still want to be invested in equities at these prices? If you really could get a five year a 5% cd again, which, you know, we didn’t have all that long ago, we had not all that long ago, but now it kind of seems like a strange fantasy to say, what would it be like to get 5% on the CD, that can be a hit to equity prices, that’s going to move interest rates and borrowing rates, which presents both challenges for just the financing of real estate at current prices, at least for some areas, as well as just to kind of the general impact when you start moving cap rates up. So that certainly is kind of our our concern to it. I mean, the reality is, you never get an economy that just gets to grow indefinitely. Without recessions and pullbacks, like these things happen. That’s part of the business cycle. So it’s just been tough, I think for us to try to decide just how much worse is the next cycle potentially going to be as we try to unwind this? Are we pretty much just going to have a normal recession? It will be a nice buying opportunity, as many of them are? Or is it going to be a little bit more of a hit to asset prices? And and honestly at this point, we’re still very much in a wait and see you’ve you’ve just got to keep your your ear to the ground and focused on what’s going on in the data as it comes along. And and trying to make those assessments. we viewed as an environment I think is a little bit too uncertain to make really extreme calls one direction or the other.
Jason Hartman 43:52
Yeah, well, good points. Well, how about just the the age-old simplistic concept of inflation or deflation in the future?
Michael Kitces 44:00
Well. We’ve we’ve been in the camp for a while that we don’t see this, you know, dramatic explosion of inflation any anywhere in the near term. Certainly, in the long term. At some point, the Fed has to either figure out how to unwind or eventually some some heavier duty inflation is going to start pushing through. But as long as unemployment stays as high as it is, and and there’s still kind of this slack in the economy, what we get is more like what we’ve had over the past several years, which is, you know, as the prices kind of jump upwards, then they hit some sort of invisible wall where they’re surely not affordable, and they fall back down again. So you know, we’ve we’ve bounced off of four to 450 dollar gasoline several times now over the past almost 10 years. And every time we say this stuff’s going to the sky, and we’re, you know, and inflation is going through the roof. And every time it turns out, the economy is not weak enough to sustain those prices, and it falls back down because that’s the natural self correcting mechanism. You you you can’t get drastic and
Jason Hartman 45:00
You meant to say the economy is not strong enough to sustain those.
Michael Kitces 45:03
Sorry, yeah, the the economy is too weak, not strong enough to, to sustain those prices, you know, you can’t get inflation if there’s no mechanism where inflation pushes in the higher wages. So you get that circular flow like we had in the 70s. It’s really hard to just push inflation through the system, stuff gets expensive, people can’t afford it, they buy less and demand falls and the prices fall back.
Jason Hartman 45:23
Oh, well, let me let me take issue with you on that for a second. Because you may be saying that from the amount of money, the last $5 trillion we created out of thin air. But But what happens with the next 5 trillion? And I don’t know if you really have to have healthy employment to have inflation, you know, and here’s why you look at some of the historical examples, of course, in Bob way comes to mind. I mean, certainly that’s no growing economy, the motivation of government seem would seem to be that inflate your way out of the debt, inflate your way out of the problems, inflate your way to buying votes and pandering. That’s a pretty good business plan for government as much as I philosophically hate it. But if I if I were in their shoes and wanted to maintain my power base in my voter base, I’d probably become a scumbag pander as well, right. And so it’s a good deal. And you take advantage of the Phillips Curve, and you just create more money and ultimately, create money creates more investments, some of its malinvestment, some of it creates employment. Again, the whole thing’s a house of cards ultimately, but who knows when it could be 40 years down the road could be 100 years.
Michael Kitces 46:31
And I I mean, I think we have to make a distinction there’s sort of a there’s a difference between an inflation events and hyperinflation events. So yes, Zimbabwe Weimar, right, stuff like that. hyperinflation events generally require more than just more than just government spending. So when there have been a few of these studies done recently, you look back at about the 50, or something hyperinflations, that we can document well over the past couple of centuries. And basically, the the number of them where the hyperinflation was Stoli stimulated by, we’ll just call it politicians going off the deep end was was zero, every single one of them have some other kind of supply shock event that that disrupts a already granted very delicate economy, because the politicians maybe even doing some bad stuff, that that ultimately plows it forward into sort of the next stage of completely losing control to inflation and having the hyperinflation go forward.
Jason Hartman 47:27
See. See, you get you gave the example of how that that cycle perpetuates into maybe a status quo or even a deflationary cycle or a moderate inflation cycle. And your example was, if I understand it correctly, is the government prints money, but people don’t have jobs, or they have low paying jobs, and they’re not getting any real wage increases, you know, in real dollars, which all makes sense. So they spend for a little while then they stopped spending when they realize, you know, the wealth effect really isn’t there. And when they stopped spending, suppliers have to lower prices to keep business moving. And that’s all true. But I say what happens is that that that whole concept is not a stagnant concept. I think what ultimately happens is the standard of living declines, people will still spend money on necessities, food shelter, they’ll just have a lesser shelter, they’ll have lower quality food,
Michael Kitces 48:21
Or you you tend to you tend to see both in the extremes. So you can see nominal price declines. And usually in events that are so severe, you you see real declines in the standard of living as well. So you go back to an era like the Great Depression, you basically saw both. So we had nominal price deflation. And it wasn’t even just that prices got cheaper. We saw real declines in standard of living for huge swathes of the of the country as well. But But the issue from the other end, and certainly what we see for at least quantitative easing so far, just pushing more money onto bank balance sheets doesn’t necessarily unhinge that. So from the flip side, there actually people have been very critical that quantitative easing is not stimulative enough, because it’s the wrong way of putting money into the system that you can, you know, you can load up banks balance sheets with 100 trillion dollars, if you want, if all they see is people who will default if they lend it to them, they don’t lend a dime, the money doesn’t move anywhere, and you You still don’t get any inflation at best, you just get some really bumpy price inflation, our asset bubbles, as the banks try to figure out where to park the money while they’re waiting to not lend it to anybody because the economy is too weak to find viable borrowers. So, you know, in those kinds of environments, again, we don’t we don’t necessarily need to see inflation spewed forth at all. And frankly, our modern era Case in point is Japan, which is on something like QE nine or 11, depending on how you want to measure them. They’ve put you know drastically higher dollars into their economy as a percentage of their economy then then we have by a longshot, and that they can’t even figure out how to how to move the needle on inflation to the positive side, much less I mean, they wish They could create inflation. They’re trying and they haven’t been able to do it for decades.
Jason Hartman 50:04
Who’s that? You’re talking about?
Michael Kitces 50:06
Japan.
Jason Hartman 50:07
Yeah, Japan can’t because it doesn’t have the reserve currency. And it has a huge demographic problem. Japan’s deal isn’t the same. I mean, they don’t,
Michael Kitces 50:14
They can always print I mean, they, they can always keep printing, which, frankly, is also why they’re, you know, not hitting a wall on it. Because as long as you can print your own currency to pay your own currency off, you don’t even have to worry about outside borrowers.
Jason Hartman 50:26
Well, but the difference is, they don’t have the reserve currency. You know, I mean, that’s a big, big difference, when you can print the reserve currency versus printing a non reserve currency, then you’re just, I mean, all they could really do.
Michael Kitces 50:41
Yeah. Either way, you can still print, you can, you can avoid default indefinitely. And frankly, as long as we have a trade balance, if people as long as we’re importing what we are, unless people want to stop selling things to us, they have to keep taking our treasuries. That’s just the reality. I mean, the math has to balance on a trade balance. And so unless they, you know, unless they don’t want to do business with us, they have to keep doing business in our currency. And I mean, that’s true for any country that has a trade deficit around the, around the globe. Now, when you get into scenarios, like what’s happened in most of Europe, and what happened in Greece, they’re an entirely different scenario, they actually did surrender control their currency, they don’t get to issue it, they’re merely users of the euro. So they’ve got a whole other scenario that frankly, neither we nor Japan are dealing with, because for better or for worse, we can we can keep expanding our we can keep expanding our currency. But as we’re looking at it, you know, granted, at any point, we can still ultimately get this thing wrong, go off the deep end and trigger some kind of really nasty inflation. But, you know, we don’t see much inflation for the environment that we’re in right now. We haven’t for we haven’t for several years, and we really haven’t had it.
Jason Hartman 51:50
I just I just I gotta ask you, do you believe that the real that the official inflation numbers are legit? Or do you believe that it’s higher than the official numbers?
Michael Kitces 51:59
Um, our kind of gut from looking around is that is probably somewhat higher than the official like,
Jason Hartman 52:05
Like, what percentage? Would you say like, I mean, I say nine to 10% real inflation. Would you say? 6%, for example?
Michael Kitces 52:12
Yeah, I guess that’s probably where we were, we’d come out. And my, my issue is actually less with so in the short term, we tend to focus on, you know, we get really worried about the cost of things like food and energy. So we pound the table whenever it’s up. But then we get suddenly very quiet when it falls back down. And you know, it’s had some very big negative months as well, that’s part of the weird thing that we get when oil prices rocket upwards, and then rocket down and a whole bunch of commodities rocket upwards and rocket down. It’s, it’s nasty, volatile. And, frankly, that’s got a whole other set of problems for people in the real world. But it doesn’t necessarily mean that when you look back a year or two later, you know, you’ve suddenly compounded 20% price returns over two years, it’s more like you went up 5%, then down three, and then down two, and you have this horribly volatile ride. But you didn’t add up to.
Jason Hartman 53:01
It’s a saw blade.
Michael Kitces 53:02
Yeah. And it’s and it’s an ugly one. Now, the one that’s the one that worries us, and frankly, the one that that I know certainly bothered me for several years was feeling like inflation was very understated through much of the real estate boom, because of the way we calculate CPI with with imputing the cost of housing
Jason Hartman 53:19
The rental equivalent rate,
Michael Kitces 53:21
Right, so owners equivalent rent was, was kind of a, there are some good reasons for doing it. But when we got new environment like, Oh 2207, where real estate prices went up so far, I think we ended up drastically, drastically, understating things. Now, from the flip side as we’re slowly working off some of the real estate accesses. And we’re seeing a little bit of the shift now where the rental market is starting to pick up. Frankly, we see an environment where it’s possible in a few more years, we’re going to be saying the inflation is pretty high, because the rental market is actually booming more than the than the purchase market. And we can see some environment there. We’re now people are actually going to be having a legitimate reason to pound the table to say CPI is actually overstating inflation. I don’t think we’re there yet. I don’t get me wrong, but but those are the kinds of scenarios that we can see playing out. And those are just kind of distortions, because we’re doing the best and how we measure inflation. But certainly we’ve we put some things in there that have kind of morphed it from what was once a pure measure of prices, and what now is becoming more like a measure of standard of living where we’ve got other adjustments in there that have kind of shifted what it’s what it’s really measuring,
Jason Hartman 54:31
Right. Just one comment on that. And I know we got to wrap up here. So I you’re just so interesting, I want to keep you on. But that’s a good thing. It’s a compliment. But But I saw that personally happens so many times over the years when housing prices would skyrocket. People would be forced to accept a lesser and lesser home. And so that inflation caused a decline in standard of living.
Michael Kitces 54:53
Which didn’t show up anywhere.
Jason Hartman 54:55
Yeah, yeah. And that that’s what just bugs me about so many quote, economist, unquote is they think that the standard of living is some fixed concept? Well, if people don’t have jobs, and I’m a real estate investor who’s going to be able to afford to rent my house, they say, well, they’re going to afford, they’re going to rent some house, they’re just going to rent a lesser house. And the person that rented a nicer house or owned a nicer house will rent your house, because people move down the economic ladder, and you catch them as they’re moving down. And you supply housing to them. So so that’s what happens. And then the other thing that drives me nuts about the deflation argument, you know, I’ve had Harry dent on the show a few times and and Bob Proctor. And those are the two major deflation This is the kind of the concept of the government can’t print enough money to reverse the deleveraging problem. Well, that’s not true. The government can print an unlimited amount of money. Yeah, I don’t know those arguments just kind of don’t get water for me. But
Michael Kitces 55:51
I’ve had trouble with some of those as well. And I mean, I’m familiar with with their work and I mean, den, dental angle on this that he’s really been talking for 20 years is this pullback and consumption that’s going to occur as baby boomers transition into the later years of their, of their lives and start winding things down. And, and, you know, I just keep looking and saying, you know, what, if it boomers are liquidating all their portfolios, so they can go, you know, buy all this stuff that they enjoy and their retirement, the amount of earnings that’s going to plow into companies, I can’t wait to buy those stocks. I can’t, I can’t, and I can’t wait to buy the houses of the people that work at the companies that are getting all the earnings from those stocks. I mean,
Jason Hartman 56:27
Michael, you you that is so great that you said that because I’ve always for 15 years, I’ve had that trouble. And I like me down, don’t get me wrong. I’m a big fan. I like studying economics from a demographic perspective. But the hole in his argument there is you just alluded to it is is this, it’s the question of if 2012 and 13 are the cliff where baby boomers start taking their money out of stocks? And what do they do when they take it out? Well, they they ultimately spend it there. If they’re going to need to take it out of there to spend on their living expenses, then it just begs the question, and nobody addresses this, but maybe you and I, is it? Here’s the question, is it more important for a company to have shareholders or customers?
Michael Kitces 57:15
Well, that they flow? circularly? Of course they do when, you know, when the shareholders liquidate to buy the company’s products, the company makes a whole bunch of earnings pays a whole bunch of wages to a whole bunch of people who go and buy the company stock because it’s so darn profitable.
Jason Hartman 57:28
Right? And on the other side of it, 72% of consumption is spent in the S&P 500. So you know.
Michael Kitces 57:34
Yeah, now I know, at the same time, and I do think there’s validity to what a lot of what debt does when you come down to okay, but how does that start shifting some of the fabric of our economy, what sectors do well, what sector? Really what parts of the country do well and poorly. You know, I think all of that demographics work is absolutely dead on I do too. I do inaccurate but but this whole idea of people are going to start liquidating their stocks and suddenly, all stock markets are going straight down. And you know, apparently, houses are going to go right with them as everybody sells their second homes and consolidates down on their first homes. As long as they’re spending the money to push in the money back into the economy. It’s it’s causing, you know, company earnings and wages and profits and jobs and dividends and all of those things that ultimately flow right back into the comp right back into the economy of your people who take them and feed them in again. I mean, that’s, that’s sort of the virtue of the of the economic cycle. You know, if you told me they were gonna liquidate all their stocks and put it in their mattress and take it out.
Jason Hartman 58:37
Yeah, yeah.
Michael Kitces 58:38
That creates some problem.
Jason Hartman 58:39
No, no question about it. It’s it’s this concept of looking at things like there’s some zero sum game that just it never made sense to me. So very interesting. Well, Michael, Listen, I’ve kept you longer than than I said, but but
Michael Kitces 58:50
Ah. No problem. I hope it’s an interesting conversation.
Jason Hartman 58:53
Very interesting. Please give out your website, tell people where they can learn more about your work.
Michael Kitces 58:56
So you can find me two places. www.kitsis.com that’s ktcs.com where I write and blog and share thoughts like this and other stuff. And then also Pinnacle advisory group, that’s www dot Pinnacle advisory.com where we provide private wealth management services for individuals looking for some help.
Jason Hartman 59:17
Excellent. Michael kitsis. Thanks for joining us today.
Michael Kitces 59:19
My pleasure, Jason, you have a good afternoon.
Announcer 59:26
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